concepts · 6
- 01
Causing And Arising
Control the direction of causal verbs, so cause and effect are never swapped by an incorrect verb pattern.
- 02
Naming The Consequence
Name consequences precisely enough to distinguish a direct outcome from a secondary or unintended one.
- 03
Worsening And Risk
Describe deterioration precisely — making a problem worse is not the same as making it spread — and control the transitivity split that causes most errors here.
- 04
Easing And Mitigating
Distinguish reducing a problem from solving it — the single most useful hedging move available in a Task 2 solution paragraph.
- 05
Condition And Dependency
Express conditions with structures beyond if — one of the fastest routes to grammatical range without risking accuracy.
- 06
Review: Pointing The Arrow
All the cause-and-effect words from this chapter. Test yourself, then write a problem-and-solution paragraph.