Learner applies every compression decision to unmarked text, where nothing says which fault is present.
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Twelve cards from the whole chapter. Two are correct as written.
The chapter assembled, the expensive question, and the one that is a judgement.
Having reviewed the data, the conclusion was clear.
1 -ing or -ed? fine
2 Who is after
the comma? the conclusion —
wrong
3 What was lost? who reviewed it
4 Join at all? yes
✓ Having reviewed the data, the team reached a clear conclusion.
Three gates, then a balance with no fixed winner.
Three gates you pass. The last one you weigh.
Four repairs. Nothing says which fault each carries.
1. The results were surprised by everyone who read them.
Is the noun doing it or having it done? The sentence fails at question . Repaired: The results were to everyone who read them.
2. Having reviewed the data, the conclusion was clear.
Who reviewed the data? Is that the first thing after the comma? The sentence fails at question . Repaired: Having reviewed the data, reached a clear conclusion.
3. Blamed for the failure, the department was restructured.
The argument is that the board scapegoated one department. Who did the blaming? The sentence fails at question . Repaired: Blamed for the failure, the department was restructured.
4. Having halved applications from poorer households, the fee rise was defended by ministers.
The halving is this paragraph's main claim. Should it sit in the opener? The sentence fails at question . Repaired:
Nine decisions in continuous text. Three are already sound.
Universities have faced falling applications for a decade. (1) Having studied the trend, the conclusion was that fees were responsible. (2) The findings were surprised by how large the effect was. (3) Affected by the changes, thousands of applicants withdrew. (4) Faced with the evidence, several universities capped their fees. (5) Having halved applications from the poorest quartile, the 2012 reform was quietly revised. (6) Introduced in 2012 and revised in 2019, the cap has since stabilised numbers. (7) Being new to the system, everything about the process seemed opaque. (8) The students taught under the old fee regime scored no differently. (9) Having been told, many families changed their plans.
Four sentences, at least two compressed, reported by fault.
Prompt: some argue that university should be free for everyone. Others say the cost falls unfairly on people who never attend.
Write four sentences arguing one side.
At least two must use a participle — as an opener, or attached to a noun.
One paragraph.
Name the one you forget.