Learner opens a sentence with a participle clause, punctuates it with a comma, and follows it immediately with the subject that performs it.
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Seven parts, and one of them is the comma.
Build one sentence with a participle opener. The comma is one of the parts, and the subject that performed the opener goes straight after it.
Six openers. Two give an answer nobody meant.
Having finished the report, she sent it to the committee. Who finished it?
The frame, what having adds, and the comma.
participle clause , subject that
performed it
Having finished the report, she sent it.
Faced with rising costs, the council cut services.
Whatever follows the comma is doing the opener.
Three worked sentences. Decide who, then write.
1. Opener: Having reviewed the evidence,
Who is doing the reviewing? So the word after the comma must be . Finished: Having reviewed the evidence, rejected the proposal.
2. Opener: Faced with falling enrolment,
Who is facing it? So the word after the comma must be . Finished: Faced with falling enrolment, closed two departments.
3. Opener: Built in 1890,
What was built? So the word after the comma must be . Finished: Built in 1890, still carries traffic.
Eight openers, each missing its main clause.
Having considered the evidence,
Faced with rising costs,
Arguing that fees deter students,
Built in 1890,
Having been delayed twice,
Supported by three separate studies,
Walking through the city at night,
Having failed twice already,
One -ing opener, one -ed opener.
Topic: a university deciding whether to raise its fees.
Sentence 1: open with Having … or an -ing word. Sentence 2: open with an -ed word — Faced with …, Supported by …, Built ….
The first word after each comma must be whoever performed the opener.
One per line.
Name the doer, then check where it sits.