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15. Body Fluids And Circulation

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Part of NCERT 11 Biology

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overview

Why Do We Need Blood?

Understanding the transport challenge in living organisms

Why Do We Need Blood?

Every living cell in your body needs:

  • Nutrients (food) to work
  • Oxygen (O2O_2) to produce energy
  • Waste removal (like CO2CO_2) to stay healthy

But most cells are deep inside your body. How do they get what they need?

The Transport Problem: Billions of cells need constant delivery and waste pickup!

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concept

Blood: The Liquid Tissue

Understanding blood composition and plasma

Blood: A Special Connective Tissue

Blood is classified as a connective tissue. Why?

  • It has cells (like other tissues)
  • But the cells float in a liquid matrix called plasma
  • It connects all parts of the body through transport

Blood has TWO main components:

  1. Plasma (55%) - the liquid part
  2. Formed elements (45%) - the cells and cell fragments
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Formed Elements: The Cells

RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets - what they do

Formed Elements of Blood

Formed elements = cells and cell fragments in blood

They make up 45% of blood volume.

Three types:

  1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells - RBCs)
  2. Leucocytes (White Blood Cells - WBCs)
  3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Each has a special job!

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concept

Blood Groups: ABO System

Why blood typing is crucial for transfusions

Blood Groups Matter!

All human blood looks similar, but it's NOT the same!

Why it matters:

  • Blood transfusion requires matching
  • Wrong blood type → severe problems → RBC destruction (clumping)
  • Can be fatal!

Two main grouping systems:

  1. ABO grouping (most important)
  2. Rh grouping
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concept

Rh Factor & Special Cases

Understanding Rh blood groups and pregnancy complications

The Rh Factor

Another important antigen on RBC surface!

Named after: Rhesus monkeys (where it was first discovered)

Present in: About 80% of humans

Two types of people:

  1. Rh positive (Rh+) - have the Rh antigen
  2. Rh negative (Rh-) - don't have the Rh antigen