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2. Biological Classification

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Part of NCERT 11 Biology

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prerequisite

Prior Knowledge Check

Essential concepts for understanding biological classification

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Before You Start: Do You Know These?
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overview

Why Classify?

From Aristotle to Whittaker - the evolution of classification systems

The History of Classification

Humans have always classified things. It's natural.

Early humans classified organisms by use:

  • Food plants vs poisonous plants
  • Dangerous animals vs safe animals
  • Useful organisms vs harmful ones

This was practical but not scientific.

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vocabulary

Core Classification Vocabulary

15 essential terms for understanding biological classification

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images

Five Kingdom Overview

Visual summary of Whittaker's classification system

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concept

Kingdom Monera: The Bacteria

Prokaryotic diversity, shapes, and metabolic versatility

Kingdom Monera

Bacteria are the ONLY members of Kingdom Monera.

Key feature: They are prokaryotic - no nucleus!

Where Do They Live?

Bacteria are everywhere:

  • Soil (hundreds in a handful)
  • Water (oceans, rivers, ponds)
  • Air
  • Inside your body
  • Hot springs (boiling temperature!)
  • Deep ocean trenches
  • Arctic ice
  • Even in radioactive waste

They are the most abundant microorganisms on Earth.

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images

Bacterial Shapes

Visual guide to the four main bacterial forms