Open Vs Closed Loop: Blind Action Vs Smart Response

Open Loop: Blind Trust

Open-loop systems execute a plan without checking if it worked.

Your toaster: Set timer for 2 minutes, toast pops up. No feedback. If bread is frozen, it still stops at 2 minutes (burnt or raw doesn't matter).

Microwave: Runs for exact time you set, never checks if food is actually hot.

Traffic lights: Change on fixed timers, even if no cars are waiting.

Advantage: Simple and cheap. Disadvantage: Can't adapt to disturbances.