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How temperature and kinetic energy determine physical state
Same water molecules. Three completely different behaviors.
Ice (solid): molecules locked in position, vibrate in place. Water (liquid): molecules slide past each other. Steam (gas): molecules fly apart freely.
The difference? Kinetic energy — how fast particles move. Adjust temperature above to see particles speed up.
Dry ice (solid CO₂) turns directly into gas without becoming liquid first. This process is called: