From MP3s to Instagram filters
Your voice saying "hello" contains maybe 50 different frequencies mixed together.
MP3 compression: break the sound into frequencies, delete the ones you can't hear (above 20kHz, below 20Hz), keep the rest.
Result: 10% of original size, sounds identical.
The math behind this? Fourier decomposition — the visualization above.
Think in frequencies for audio and images
Instagram's blur filter removes high-frequency components. In terms of Fourier analysis of the image, this means: